what country was the first to send explorers to search for a sea route to the asia

Timeline of exploration of Asia by Europeans

This is a chronology of the early European exploration of Asia.^[1]

Starting time wave of exploration (mainly past land) [edit]

Artifact [edit]

• 515 BC: Scylax explores the Indus and the sea route across the Indian Ocean to Arab republic of egypt.
• 330 BC: Alexander the Great conquers parts of Cardinal Asia and parts of northwestern Bharat
• 300 BC: Seleucus Nicator, founder of the Seleucid Empire, forays into northwestern Republic of india but is defeated past Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire, and they become allies shortly subsequently.
• 250 – 120 BC: Greco-Bactrian states in parts of Cardinal Asia and South asia, including the Fergana Valley (Alexandria Eschate), Transoxiana (Alexandria on the Oxus) and Punjab (Alexandria on the Indus).
• 180 BC – 10 Advertizement: The Indo-Greek Kingdom was located in areas now part of Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, Pakistan and n-west India.
• 30 BC – 640 Advertisement: With the acquisition of Ptolemaic Egypt, The Romans brainstorm trading with Republic of india. The Empire now has a direct connection to the Spice trade Egypt had established beginning in 118 BC.
• 100 Advertizement – 166 AD: Romano-Chinese relations begin. Ptolemy writes of the Gold Chersonese (i.e. Malay Peninsula) and the trade port of Kattigara, at present identified as Óc Eo in southern Vietnam, then role of Jiaozhou, a province of the Chinese Han Empire. The Chinese historical texts describe Roman embassies, from a land they chosen Daqin.
• 2nd century: Roman traders accomplish Siam, Cambodia, Sumatra, and Java.
• 161: An diplomatic mission from Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius or his successor Marcus Aurelius reaches Chinese Emperor Huan of Han at Luoyang.
• 226: A Roman diplomat or merchant lands in northern Vietnam and visits Nanjing, Communist china and the courtroom of Sun Quan, ruler of Eastern Wu

Middle Ages [edit]

Trade routes in Eurasia and north Africa c. 870 CE

• ~500–yard: The Radhanites were medieval Jewish merchants who dominated trade between the Christian and Islamic worlds during the early Centre Ages and travelled as far as Tang-dynasty China.
• ~550: Byzantine traveler and author Cosmas Indicopleustes completes his work Christian Topography describing geographical features gleaned from his own travels to Eritrea, Ethiopia, Republic of india, and Sri Lanka.
• ~552: Two Persian monks (or maybe emissaries disguised as monks), at the behest of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) emperor Justinian I, travel to China and smuggle silkworms back to the Eastern Roman Empire, thus enabling silk production in Europe and Asia Minor.
• 568: The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) general Zemarchus travels to Samarkand and the court of the Western Turkic Kaganate.
• 639–640: The Muslims subjugate Egypt, thus severing most directly Eastern-Roman (and hence European) trade with India and eastern asia.
• 1160–1173: The Navarrese Jewish Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela visits Syria, Palestine, Baghdad, Persia, and the Arabian Peninsula.
• 1180–1186: Pethahiah of Regensburg goes to Baghdad.
• 13th century: Silk Road trade reaches its summit during the superlative of the Pax Mongolica, the relative peace in Asia during the widespread unification under the Mongol Empire.
• 1245–1247: The Italian Franciscan Giovanni da Pian del Carpine appointed Papal Legate and accompanied past Stephen of Bohemia, and later past Benedykt Polak, reaches Karakorum in present-twenty-four hours Mongolia. First European embassy to the Great Khan.
• 1245–1248: The Italian Ascelin of Lombardia, Simon of St Quentin and Andrew of Longjumeau go to Armenia and Persia.
• 1249–1251: Andrew of Longjumeau guides a French ambassador to the bully Kuyuk Khan. Andrew's brother Guy and several others — John Goderiche, John of Carcassonne, Herbert "Le Sommelier", Gerbert of Sens, Robert (a clerk), a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of Poissy go with him. They reach Talas in northwestern Kyrgyzstan.
• ≈1254: The Flemish William of Rubruck reaches Mongolia through Primal Asia.
• 1264–≈1269: Outset expedition of the Italians Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. In 1266 they reach Kublai Khan's seat at Dadu (at present known equally Beijing) in Prc.
• 1271–1295: Second trip of Niccolò and Maffeo Polo to China. This time with Marco, Niccolo's son, who would laissez passer downwards a colourful account of their experiences. The details of this business relationship are currently debated.
• 1275–1289 & 1289–1328: The Italian John of Montecorvino (1246–1328), a Franciscan missionary, traveller and statesman, founds the earliest Roman Catholic missions in India and China, and becomes archbishop of Peking, and Patriarch of the Orient.
• ≈1318–1329: Travels of the Franciscan friars, the Italian Odoric of Pordenone and James of Ireland via Republic of india and the Malay Peninsula to China where they stayed in Dadu (present day Beijing) for approximately 3 years earlier returning to Italy overland through Central Asia.
• ~1321–1330/1338(?): The French Dominican missionary Jordanus, made bishop over the whole Indian subcontinent in 1329, wrote down his travels through India and the Heart E in his book Mirabilia.
• 1338–1353: Expedition of the Italian Giovanni de' Marignolli, one of four chief envoys sent past Pope Benedict XII to Peking.
• 1401–1402: Travel of Payo Gómez de Sotomayor, offset ambassador of Henry III of Castile to the Timurid Empire.
• 1403–1404: Travel of Ruy González de Clavijo, 2nd administrator of Henry III of Castile to the Timurid Empire. He passed along the Black Sea coast of Turkey to Trabzon and and so overland through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan to Uzbekistan. He also visited Tehran.
• 1420–1436: Travels of the Italian explorer Niccolò de' Conti to India and Southeast Asia.
• 1436-1439: Travels of Pedro Tafur across Eye East.
• 1453: Constantinople falls to the Muslim Ottoman Turks; this marks the stop of Christian rule in the Eastern Mediterranean.
• 1470: Travels of Afanasy Nikitin, the first Russian to visit Bharat.
• 1471–1479: The Italian Venetian diplomats Caterino Zeno, Ambrogio Contarini and Giosafat Barbaro travel to Persia.
• 1487-1491: Portuguese explorer and spy Pêro da Covilhã travels to the Near East and India nether the orders of the King of Portugal to get together information necessary for successfully establishing a bounding main route between Portugal and India.
• 1557–1572: The English traveler, diplomat and explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels across the Caspian Bounding main to Bukhara and Persia.
• ≈1580-1585:The Cossack Yermak Timofeyevich reaches the Siberian Tatar metropolis of Qashliq well-nigh the right bank of Irtysh.
• 1583–1591: The English merchant Ralph Fitch, together with John Newberry and John Eldred, a jeweller named William Leedes and a painter, James Story, travelled via the Levant and Mesopotamia to Republic of india and Portuguese Malacca (in modern Malaysia). Eldred stayed in Basra, Iraq; Story joined the Jesuits in Goa; Leedes stayed in Agra to work for Akbar and Newberry decided to begin his return journey. Fitch went past himself to Burma and Malacca (today in Malaysia). He returned to London in 1591.
• 1643: Kurbat Ivanov reaches Lake Baikal.
• 1644: Vasily Poyarkov, travelling overland from Siberia, reaches the mouth of the Amur on the Pacific Ocean.

2d wave of exploration (by sea) [edit]

The ships which were used by Vasco da Gama on his get-go voyage. (Analogy from 1558).

The Cantino planisphere (or Cantino World Map) of 1502 is the earliest surviving map showing Portuguese Discoveries in the east and west.

• 1488: Bartolomeu Dias reaches the Cape of Good Promise in S Africa. This was an of import milestone because this allowed future sailors like Vasco da Gama to sail to Republic of india and Southeast Asia.
• 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail from Spain in search of a western route to Asia, eventually landing in the Americas. Though unsuccessful in reaching Asia his successes propelled eventual European expansion, including Asia.
• 1497–1499: The Portuguese Vasco da Gama, accompanied by Nicolau Coelho and Bartolomeu Dias, is the outset European to reach India by an all-ocean route from Europe.
• 1500–1501: Later on discovering Brazil, Pedro Álvares Cabral, with the half of an original fleet of 13 ships and ane,500 men, achieved the second Portuguese trip to India. Boats were commanded by Cabral, Bartolomeu Dias, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Aires Gomes da Silva, Vasco de Ataíde, Diogo Dias, Simão de Pina, Luís Pires, Pêro de Ataíde and Nuno Leitão da Cunha.^[2] Information technology is not known which one betwixt Gaspar de Lemos and André Gonçalves, commanded the ship which returned to Portugal with the news of the discovery. Luís Pires returned to Portugal only after reaching Republic of cape verde. Vasco de Ataíde, Bartolomeu Dias, Simão de Pina and Aires Gomes' ships were lost near the Greatcoat of Good Hope. The ship commanded past Diogo Dias separated and discovered Madagascar. He was then the first to reach the Red Sea by boat. Nuno Leitão da Cunha, Nicolau Coelho, Sancho de Tovar, Simão de Miranda, Pero de Ataíde did the entire trip to Bharat. Amidst other passengers were: Pêro Vaz de Caminha and the Franciscan father, Frei Henrique de Coimbra.
• 1501–?: João da Nova commands the third Portuguese expedition to India. He discovers Ascent Island (1501) and Saint Helena (1502) along the manner.
• 1502–1503:2nd trip of Vasco da Gama to India.
• 1503–1504: Afonso de Albuquerque establishes the first Portuguese fort in Kochi, Bharat, during the fifth Portuguese Republic of india Fleet.
• 1505: Francisco de Almeida is appointed as the first viceroy of Portuguese Republic of india (Estado da Índia). He leaves Lisbon at the control of the seventh Portuguese India Armada, with 22 ships, including fourteen carracks and 6 caravels conveying a coiffure of i,000 and 1,500 soldiers. His son, Lourenço de Almeida, explores the southern coast and reaches the modern isle of Sri Lanka.
• 1507–1513: In 1507, Afonso de Albuquerque captures the kingdom of Ormus in the Farsi Gulf. He is then appointed second viceroy of Bharat in 1508. In 1510 he conquers Goa, soon to become the most flourishing of the Portuguese settlements in Republic of india.
• 1511: Albuquerque conquers Malacca discovered past Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in 1509. Malacca becomes a strategic base of operations for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies. In November of that year, afterward having secured Malacca and learning of the "Spice islands" (Banda Islands) location, in Maluku Albuquerque sent an expedition of three vessels led by António de Abreu to find them. In 1511 Ayutthaya Kingdom (Thailand) received a diplomatic mission from the Portuguese. These were probably the first Europeans to visit the country. Five years afterwards that initial contact, Ayutthaya and Portugal concluded a treaty granting the Portuguese permission to trade in the kingdom.
• 1512: Malay pilots guided the Portuguese via Coffee, the Lesser Sundas and Ambon to Banda, arriving in early 1512.^[3] The offset Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained in Banda for about one month, purchasing nutmeg and mace, and cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt merchandise.^[4] D'Abreu sailed through Ambon while his second in command Francisco Serrão went ahead towards Maluku islands, was shipwrecked and concluded up in Ternate.^[5] Francisco Serrão establishes a fort on Ternate Isle.
• 1513: Albuquerque laid siege to Aden in 1513, but was repulsed. He then led a voyage into the Cerise Sea, the first ever fabricated past a European fleet.
• 1513: Jorge Álvares is the outset European to country in China at Tamão in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary.
• 1516-17: Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of Christopher Columbus, leads a small Portuguese merchandise mission to County (Guangzhou), then under the Ming Dynasty.

  

• 1517: The Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade establishes the first European trade mail on the Chinese declension at Tamão in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary and then in Canton (Guangzhou).
• 1519–: Leaving Kingdom of spain with 5 ships and 270 men in 1519, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan is the get-go to achieve Asia from the Eastward. In 1520, he discovers what is now known every bit the Strait of Magellan. In 1521 he reaches the Marianas and then the island of Homonhon in the Philippines. Some time subsequently, Magellan is killed in what is known as the Battle of Mactan. The residue of the crew sails to Palawan (Philippines), and and then to Brunei and Borneo. They then reach Tidore in the Maluku Islands fugitive the Portuguese. Only i transport, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, returns to Spain in 1522 with eighteen men remaining, accomplishing the first World circumnavigation in History.
• 1524: Third trip of Vasco da Gama to India.
• 1542: António da Mota is thrown past a storm to the island of Tanegashima, establishing the first European contact with Japan.
• 1549: Saint Francis Xavier arrives in Nihon accompanied by Father Cosme de Torrès, Brother Juan Fernández, the Japanese Anjiro, 2 baptized Japanese named Antonio and Joane, a Chinese named Manuel, and an Indian named Amador. The captain of the ship is named Avan aka "The Pirate".
• 1556: The Dominican Gaspar da Cruz is the offset modern missionary to go in China. He traveled to Guangzhou in 1556 and wrote the showtime complete book on Cathay and the Ming Dynasty that was published in Europe; it included data on its geography, provinces, royalty, official class, bureaucracy, shipping, architecture, farming, craftsmanship, merchant affairs, wearable, religious and social customs, music and instruments, writing, education, and justice. (Run across also Jesuit China missions)

Left panels one-three

Right panels 4-six

• 1582: The Italian Jesuit priest and missionary Matteo Ricci reaches the Portuguese settlement of Macau in Ming China and in 1601 becomes the first European to be invited into the Ming imperial palace of the Forbidden Urban center in Beijing, at the behest of the Wanli Emperor who sought his services at court, particularly for his expertise in astronomy. In 1602 Ricci and his Chinese translator Li Zhizao would co-publish the first world map in Chinese, the Kunyu Wanguo Quantu which profoundly expanded both Chinese and Japanese knowledge of global geography.
• 1595: The Dutchman January Huyghen van Linschoten published his Reys-gheschrift vande navigatien der Portugaloysers in Orienten ("Travel Accounts of Portuguese Navigation in the Orient") which was translated into English and German in 1598. It gave access to secret Portuguese information, including the nautical maps which had been well guarded for over a century. The volume thus broke the Portuguese monopoly on the sea trade with Asia.

Other noteworthy Europeans [edit]

• 1579–1619: Thomas Stephens, a Jesuit, was probably the first Englishman to gear up foot in Bharat where he died in 1619.
• 1599–1614: John Mildenhall, with Richard Newman, reach Agra, India, overland in 1614.
• 1600–1610: William Adams's gunkhole arrives in Nippon where he spends the next ten years as advisor to the shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu.
• 1602–1607: Bento de Góis, beginning European to travel overland from India to China.
• 160?–1611: Robert Coverte comes back from India past foot afterwards his ship runs aground nigh Surat.
• 1612–1617: Thomas Coryat travels by human foot to India.
• 1615–1618: Thomas Roe is administrator to the court at Agra, Republic of india of the Great Mogul, Jahangir.
• 1624: António de Andrade, starting time European to reach Tibet.
• 1626–1627: Estêvão Cacella with João Cabral are the offset Europeans to reach Kingdom of bhutan.
• 1631–1668: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier travels half dozen times to Asia, generally in Persia, Republic of india and Java.
• 1656–1669: François Bernier travels to Egypt, Saudi Arabia and then spend viii years at the court of the mughal emperor Aurangzeb.
• 1664–1680: Jean Chardin travels two times to Persia (likewise as its dependencies in the Caucasus such as Georgia) and India.
• 1675–1678: The moldavian boyar Nicolae Milescu travels to China.

Noteworthy others [edit]

• ~118 BCE: Eudoxus of Cyzicus was a Greek navigator from the Asian-Greek metropolis of Cyzicus who explored the Arabian Body of water for Ptolemy Viii, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
• 522–550: Cosmas Indicopleustes (lit. "who sailed to Republic of india") of Alexandria was a Greek merchant, and later monk, who made several voyages to Bharat during the reign of emperor Justinian. His Topografia Christiana independent some of the earliest and near famous world maps.
• 1154: Although not known for his travels, Muhammad al-Idrisi was most important for the exploration of Asia for Europeans when he made the Tabula Rogeriana, a map of the whole known earth, in 1154 for the Norman King Roger Two of Sicily, based on his cognition of the Arab merchandise routes.
• 1247 & 1254: Hetoum I, rex of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and ally of the Frankish crusader states, visits the Mongol courtroom in Karakoram in 1254 after first sending his blood brother Sempad in 1247.
• 1275–1288: Rabban Bar Sauma and Markos, the Turkic/Chinese Nestorian monks, traveled to the Middle E and Europe. The Rabban Bar Sauma met with many of the European monarchs, equally well as the Pope, in attempts to arrange a Franco-Mongol brotherhood.
• 1325–1355: Travels of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveller from Morocco, across much of the Old Earth. His Travels would exist influential with Europeans starting in the 19th century.

See also [edit]

• Silk Road
• Listing of explorers
• Listing of Russian explorers
• European exploration of Arabia
• Timeline of European exploration
• Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations

References [edit]

1. ^ Aboriginal SILK Road TRAVELERS
2. ^ Vera Lucia Bottrel Tostes, Bravos homens de outrora Archived 2007-01-07 at the Wayback Machine, Camoes - Revista de Latras east Culturas Lusofonas, no. 8, Jan - March 2000
3. ^ Hannard (1991), page seven; Milton, Giles (1999). Nathaniel'south Nutmeg. London: Sceptre. pp. 5 and 7. ISBN978-0-340-69676-7.
4. ^ Hannard (1991), page 7
5. ^ Ricklefs, Thousand. C. (1993). A History of Mod Republic of indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 25. ISBN0-333-57689-6.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_European_exploration_of_Asia

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